Ingredients (each 4 capsules contains):
|
Amount per 4 caps
|
% Daily Value
|
|
Calories |
32 (28 from fat)
|
|
| Total Fat |
3.2 g
|
4%
|
| Saturated fat |
0.4 g
|
<1%
|
| Cholesterol |
0 mg
|
0%
|
| Sodium |
0 mg
|
0%
|
| Total carbohydrate |
0.8 g
|
<1%
|
| Protein |
0.4 g
|
<1%
|
Evening Primrose oil
(Oenothera odorafa seed)
Supplies 45 mg gamma linoleic acid (GLA)
Supplies 325 mg alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
|
500 mg
|
*
|
Fish oil (double distilled/fractionated)
Supplies 200 mg docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
Supplies 300 mg eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)
|
1668 mg
|
*
|
Flaxseed oil (organic)
(Linum usitarisslmum seed)
Supplies 290 mg of ALA
|
500 mg
|
*
|
| Phosphatidylcholine |
660 mg
|
*
|
| Phosphatidylserine |
56 mg
|
*
|
Pumpkin seed oil (cold pressed)
(Cucurbita pepo seed) |
200 mg
|
*
|
| Natural mixed tocopherols |
100 IU
|
*
|
Percent daily values are based ona 2,000-calorie diet
* Daily value not established
Other ingredients: Kosher gelatin, glycerin, soybean oil and water
CLAIMS:
1.These essential oils have been shown to protect the cardiovascular system from atherosclerosis2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11
2.These oils may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke and possibly Alzheimer's disease10,12
3. Evening primrose oil has been shown to relieve breast pain during menstrual cycle in 45% of patients and not during their cycle in 27% of patients13,14; relieve some symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)13; and reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis after 6 months of treatment.15
4.Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to be effective for reducing aggressive behavior in stressed individuals16; improving visual attention, when given to preterm infants17; improving night vision in children with dyslexia18; and improving movement disorders in children.18
5.Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been effective for treating schizophrenia, when combined with standard medications19; and for improving recovery time and boosting immunity following surgery, when used with RNA and L-arginine.20,21,22,23
6.Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) can reduce the risk of heart disease and heart attacks. There is evidence that high dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid over a period of 6 years can reduce the risk of heart attack by as much as 59% in both men and women and the risk of a second heart attack by more than 70%.24
7.Among several other conditions, flaxseed oil has been used in the treatment of arthritis and cancer25, as well as anxiety.26
8.Borage oil may decrease the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis when combined with conventional analgesics or anti-inflammatory agents27,28; as well as improve the function of the lungs in critically ill patients.29
9.Soy lecithin has been shown to be an important component for fetal development during pregnancy.30,31,32,33
10.When used for Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia, short-term, phosphatidylserine can increase cognitive function, global improvement rating scales, and improve behavioral rating scales over 6-12 weeks of treatment.34,35,36,37,38,39
11.A number of scientific studies suggest that diets high in omega-3 oils may protect against the development of diseases such as heart disease, attention deficit disorder, arthritis, colitis and other inflammatory diseases.40,41,42,43,44
12.Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) helps fight eczema, psoriasis, and heart problems (like atherosclerosis), among many other conditions, including PMS, infections, cholesterol and arthritis.45
References:
1.Phipps WR, et al. Effect of flaxseed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77(5):121501219, 1993
2.Mtabaji JP, Manku MS, Horrobin OF. Abnormalities in dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid release in the pathogenesis of hypertension, American Journal of Hypertension. 6(6:1); 458-62, 1993
3.Singer P, Moritz V, Wirth M, Berger I, Forster D. Blood pressure and serum lipids from SHR after diets supplemented with evening primrose, sunflowerseed or fish oil. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 40(1):17-20, 1990
4.Cameron ME, Cotter MA. Comparison of the effects of ascorbyl gamma-linolenic acid and gamma-linotenic acid in the correction of neurovascular deficits in diabetic rats. Diabetologia. 39(9): 1047-54, 1996
5.Mills DE, Ward RP, Mah M, DeVette L. Dietary N-6 and N-3 fatty acids and salt-induced hypertension in the borderline hypertensive rat. Lipids. 24(1):17-24, 1989
6.Phylactos AC, Harbige LS, Crawford MA. Essential fatty acids alter the activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase in rat heart. Lipids. 29(2):111-5, 1994
7.De La Cruz JP, Martin-Romero M, Carmona JA, Villalobos MA, Sanchez de la Cuesta F. Effect of evening primrose oil on platelet aggregation in rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Thrombosis Research. 87(1):141-9, 1997
8.Mtabaji JP, Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Release of fatty acids by perfused vascular tissue in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 12(1):39-45, 1988
9.Huang YS, Massar BA, Horrobin DF. The prostaglandin outflow from perfused mesenteric vasculature of rats fed different fats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 35(2):73-9, 1989
10.Yetiv JZ. Clinical applications of fish oils. JAMA. 260(5):665-670, 1988
11.Wood JL, et al. Effects of consumption of choline and lecithin on neurological and cardiovascular systems. Fed Proc.. 41(14):3015-3021, 1982
12.Mera SL. Diet and disease. British Journal of Biomedical Science. 51(3):189-206, 1994
13.Hardy ML. Herbs of special interest to women. J Am Phar Assoc. 40: 234-42, 2000
14.Pye JK, Mansel RE, Hughes LE. Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia. Lancet. 12 (8451): 373-7, 1985
15.Belch J, Hill A. Evening primrose oil and borage oil in rheumatologic conditions. Am J Clin Nutr. 71 (1): 352S-6S, 2000
16.Hamazaki T, et al. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Clin Invest. 97 (4): 1129-33, 1996
17.Carlson SE, Werkman SH.
18.Stordy BJ. Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia. Am J Clin Nutr. 71 (1 Suppl): 323S-6S, 2000
19.Ernst E, Rand JI, Barnes J, Stevinson C. Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 54 (8): 589-94, 1998
20.Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J, et al. Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients after operation: immunologic, metabolic and clinical outcome. Surgery. 112 (1): 56-67, 1992
21.Senkal M, Kemen M, Homann HH, et al. Modulation of postoperative immune response by enteral nutrition with a diet enriched with arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Surg. 161: 155-22, 1995
22.Kemen M, Senkal M, Homann HH, et al. Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet vs placebo in cancer patients: an immunologic evaluation of impact. Critical Care Med. 23 (4): 652-9, 1995
23.Tepaske R, Velthuis H, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, et al. Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 358: 696-701, 2001
24.Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, et al. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ. 313: 84-90, 1996
25.Flaxseed oil: filling a vital need. Barleans Organic Oils. URL: barleans.com/vital.html (Accessed 23 July 1999).
26.Werbach M. Healing Through Nutrition. A Natural Approach to Treating 50 Common Illnesses with Diet and Nutrients. New York: Harper Collins. 1993.
27.Fetrow CW, Avala JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicines. Springhouse Corporation. 1999.
28.Pullman-Mooar S, Laposata M, Lem D. Alteration of the cellular fatty acid profile and the production of eicosanoids in human monocytes by gamma-linolenic acid. Arthritis Rheum. 33 (10): 1526-33, Oct. 1990
29.Gadek JE, DeMichele SJ, Karlstad MD, et al. Effect of enteral feeding with eicosapentaenoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and antioxidants in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Enteral Nutrition in ARDS Study Group. Crit Care Med. 27: 1409-20. 1999
30. Farquharson J, Jamieson EC, Abbasi KA, Patrick WJ, Logan RW, Cockburn F. Effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids of infant cerebral cortex. Arch Dis Child. 72 (3):198-203, Mar 1995
31.Jamieson EC, Abbasi KA, Cockburn F, Farquharson J, Logan RW, Patrick WA. Effect of diet on term infant cerebral cortex fatty acid composition. World Rev Nutr Diet. 75:139-41, 1994
32. Kohn G, Sawatzki G, van Biervliet JP, Rosseneu M. Diet and the essential fatty acid status of term infants. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 402:69-74, Sep 1994
33. Zeisel SH. Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver function and carcinogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr. 11 (5): 473-81, Oct 1992
34.Heiss WD, Kessler J, Mielke R, et al. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation. Dementia. 5: 88-98, 1994
35.Crook T, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychoparmacol Bull. 28 (1) 61-6, 1992
36.Delwaide PJ, et al. Double-blind, randomized, controlled study of phosphatidylserine in senile demented patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 73 (2): 136-40, 1986
37.Engel RR, et al. Double-blind cross-over study of phosphatidylserine vs. placebo in patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2 (2): 149-55, 1992
38.Funfgeld EW, Baggen M, Nedwidek P, et al. Double-blind study with phosphatidylserine (PS) in parkinsonian patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Prog Clin Biol Res. 317: 1235-46, 1989.
39.Amaducci L. Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 24:130-4, 1988
40.Angerer P, von Schacky C. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1 (1): 57-63, Feb 2000
41.Connor WE. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 71 (1 Suppl):171S-5S, Jan 2001
42.Marckmann P, Gronbaek M. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Aug;53(8):585-90.
43.Schmidt EB, Dyerberg J. n-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease--the urgent need of clinical trials. Lipids. 34 Suppl: S303-5, 1999
44.Simopoulos AP. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 70 (3 Suppl): 560S-569S, Sep 1999
45.Gittleman AL. GLA (Gamma Linolenic Acid): The Good Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acid. Total Health for Longevity. Sep 2000 (accessed Sep 9 2002 from www.fatsforhealth.com)
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